The Network Layer (Layer 3) and the Transport Layer (Layer 4) are generally implemented only in software. The lower layers (1-4) of the OSI model handle data-transport issues. Problems isolated to these layers can frequently be caused by end-system software configuration errors on clients and servers. The upper layers (5-7) of the OSI model deal with specific application functionality and are generally implemented only in software. It is important to understand the functions that occur and the networking devices that operate at each layer of the OSI model. The OSI reference model provides a common language for network technicians and engineers. OSI Reference Model as a Troubleshooting Tool Before beginning, review the material on the OSI and TCP/IP models in CCNA Discovery: Networking for Home and Small Businesses and CCNA Discovery: Working at a Small-to-Medium Business or ISP. This chapter uses the OSI and TCP/IP models to provide the structure for troubleshooting activities. Knowledge of the features, functions, and devices of each layer, and how each layer relates to the layers around it, help a network technician to troubleshoot more efficiently. Each layer of the OSI or TCP/IP model has specific functions and protocols. Logical networking models separate network functionality into modular layers. When troubleshooting, many technicians use the OSI and TCP/IP networking models to help isolate the cause of a problem. For this reason, Cisco certification exams measure the ability to identify and correct network problems. Good network troubleshooters are always in high demand. One of the most important abilities for a network professional to develop is the ability to efficiently troubleshoot network problems.
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